Regulatory descriptions reflect published guidance as of August 2026. The replication literature discussed here is actively contested and the piece presents both sides rather than adopting one; the statistical methods described are standard published techniques, not proprietary or novel, and applying them is not a substitute for independent validation by a qualified reviewer. Provider deprecation and versioning policies move frequently and were read on the dates stated. Nothing here is a recommendation for or against any model, provider or strategy, and the regulatory discussion is not legal advice. Research and education, not investment advice.